Pocket Ks are Pockets of Knowledge, packaged information on crop biotechnology products and related issues. Pocket K No. 1 |
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جینیاتی طور پر تبدیل شدہ فصلوں کے بارے میں Q & A Questions and Answers about Genetically Modified Crops |
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What is all the fuss about and why do people feel so strongly about this issue regarding the Genetically Modified Crops? This Pocket "K" attempts to shed light on the controversy by addressing several basic questions about GM crops. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 2 |
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بائیوٹیکنالوجی کے ذریعے حاصل ہونے والے پودے Plant products of Biotechnology |
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Plant Products of biotechnology have been available in the market for some time now. These modified crops look like their traditional counterparts, but they possess special characteristics that make them better. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 3 |
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کیا جی ایم فصلوں سے حاصل کی جانے والی غذائیں محفوظ ہیں؟ Are foods derived from GM crops safe? |
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GM crops have been safely introduced into the market and safely eaten in countries all over the world. The introduction of these novel foods into our diets has raised legitimate concerns about their safety. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 4 |
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جی ایم فصلیں اور ماحولیات GM crops and the Environment |
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The debate over the environmental impact of genetically modified ( GM ) crops is growing increasingly complex, intense, and extremely emotional. This pocket K attempts to shed light on this issue by addressing basic questions regarding GM crops and the environment. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 5 |
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جی ایم فصلوں کے فوائد کا دستاویزی جائزہ Documented Benefits of GM Crops |
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In the last few years, however, there has been a consistent increase in the number of hectares being planted to GM crops in developing countries. This pocket K provides you with data and information on the economic benefits of GM crops in various countries. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 6 |
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بی ٹی کیڑوں سے مزاحمت رکھنے والی ٹکنالوجی Bt Insect Resistance Tehnology |
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Plant pests cause a lot of problems to farmers and home grdeners alike. Because of this, they have had very little resource other than to continually spray their plants with pesticides. Unfortunately, some of these pesticides pose health risks to people who are exposed to them.
It is for this reason that scientists are constantly looking for alternative ways of dealing with plant pests. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 7 |
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جی ایم غذاﺅں پر لیبل درج کرنے کا عمل Labelling GM Foods |
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The debate over foods derived genetically modified (GM) crops often touches on the subject of labelling. Many consumers argue and insist on their right to know what they are eating and their right to choose. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 8 |
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بایوسیفٹی کاٹی جینا معاہدہ کی شرائط کی تفصیلات Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety |
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In 1964, the first genetically modified food crop, Calgene's Flavr-Savr tomato, was produced and consumed in an industrialized country. The Cartagena Protocolon Biosafety is a legally binding global protocol that seeks to contribute to ensuring the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) created through modern biotechnology. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 9 |
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اور زرعی بایو ٹکنالوجی IPR Intellectual Property Rights and Agricultural Biotechnology |
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One of the main features of modern agricultural biotechnology (agribiotech) is its increasing proprietary nature. Unlike the agricultural sciences of the past, which came out of publicly funded labs, new biotechnologies are protected by patents and other intellectual property rights (IPRs). |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 10 |
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جراثیم کش اشیاءکو سہ جانے والی ٹیکنالوجی Herbicide Tolerance Technology: Glyphosate & Glufosinate |
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Ask any farmer and he will surely tell you that weeds are a constant problem. Farmers can fight weeds with tillage, hand weeding, herbicides, or typically a combination of all techniques. Many have argued that the heavy use of herbicides has led to groundwater contaminations, the death of several wildlife species and has also been attributed to various human and animal illnesses. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 11 |
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Contribution of GM Technology to the Livestock Sector |
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The introduction of GM crops has produced significant benefits to both farmers and consumers. GM crops have minimized the use of pesticides and provided higher crop yields; consumers benefited in the form of improved quality products (e.g., canola and soybean with modified oils). Currently, more than 80 GM crop events/lines have been approved for food and/or feed use. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 12 |
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پھلوں اور سبزیوں کو دیر سے گلانے والی ٹیکنالوجی Delayed Ripening Technology |
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Delayed Ripening (DR) Technology has been applied for use in tomatoes, melons, and papaya.An interesting application of DR technology is in floriculture where experiments are underway to apply the technology to delay the withering of flowers. In Southeast Asia, DR technology is being applied for use in papayas, a popular subsistence food and part of the general diet in the region. This technology could significantly increase the availability of this nutritious fruit to consumers and to small-scale and mostly resource poor farmers in the region |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 13 |
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روایتی پودوں کی افزائش Conventional Plant Breeding |
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Since the practice of agriculture began, eight to ten thousand years ago, farmers have been altering the genetic makeup of the crops they grow. Early farmers selected the best looking plants and seeds and saved them to plant for the next season. Then, once the science of geneticsbecame better understood, plant breeders used what they knew about the genes of a plant to |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 14 |
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ٹشو کلچر ٹیکنالوجی Tissue Culture Technology |
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Just as every person is different and unique, so is each plant. Some have traits like better color, yield, or pest resistance. For years, scientists have looked for methods to allow them to make exact copies of these superior individuals. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 15 |
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علم جینوم (Genomics)علم لحمیات علوم کی اسمیاتی درجہ بندی ‘Omics’ Sciences: Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics |
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Genomics is the new science that deals with the discovery and noting of all the sequences in the entire genome of a particular organism. The genome can be defined as the complete set of genes inside a cell. Genomics, is, therefore, the study of the genetic make-up of organisms. Determining the genomic sequence, however, is only the beginning of genomics. Once this is done, the genomic sequence is used to study the function of the numerous genes (functional genomics), to compare the genes in one organism with those of another (comparative genomics), or to generate the 3-D structure of one or more proteins from each protein family, thus offering clues to their function (structural genomics). |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 16 |
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تجارتی بائیوٹیک فصلوں کی عالمی صورتحال/ جی ایم فصلیں 2007ءمیں Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2007 |
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In 2007, the global area of biotech crops continued to soar for the twelfth consecutive year at a sustained double-digit growth rate of 12%, or 12.3 million hectares (30 million acres), reaching 114.3 million hectares (282.4 million acres). This is the second highest increase in global biotech crop area in the last five years. The total area planted is about 12 million hectares more than the 2006 figure of 102 million hectares (Figure 1). The use of two or three “stacked traits” thatconfer multiple benefits in a single biotech variety can further increase the figure to 143.7 million hectares or about 25% higher than the estimated 114.3 million hectares. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 17 |
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جینیاتی انجینئرنگ اور جی ایم فصلیں Genetic Engineering and GM Crops |
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Over the last 30 years, the field of genetic engineering has developed rapidly due to the greater understanding of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the chemical double helix code from which genes are made. The term genetic engineering is used to describe the process by which the genetic makeup of an organism can be altered using “recombinant DNA technology.” This involves the use of laboratory tools to insert, alter, or cut out pieces of DNA that contain one or more genes of interest. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 18 |
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زرعی بائیوٹیکنالوجی اور اخلاقیات Ethics and Agricultural Biotechnology |
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Through the advancement of technology, scientists have been able to develop more precise and powerful tools to produce crops and animals with selected traits that aim to benefit farmers and consumers. While merely a scientific tool, biotechnology has instigated worldwide debate and confusion as a result of mixed messages from various people - be they scientists, academics, activists, industry, religious representatives or consumer bodies. The worldwide debate on the pros and cons of biotechnology has been likened to a battleground and a prominent place for virtually every ethical concern. It has stirred conflicting ideas and opinions and has polarized sectors not only among stakeholders but even between countries. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 19 |
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Marker Assisted Selection مالیکیولر بریڈنگ اور Molecular Breeding and Marker-Assisted Selection |
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The process of developing new crop varieties can take almost 25 years. Now, however, biotechnology has considerably shortened the time to 7-10 years for new crop varieties to be brought to the market. One of the tools which can make it easier and faster for scientists to select plant traits is marker-assisted selection (MAS).The differences that distinguish one plant from another are encoded in the plant’s genetic material, the DNA. DNA is packaged in chromosome pairs (strands of genetic material), one coming from each parent. The genes, which control a plant’s characteristics, are located on specific segments of each chromosome. Together, all of a plant’s genes make up its genome. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 20 |
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Microbial Fermentation |
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For many years, man has worked to improve agricultural productivity by taking advantage of the work of millions of soil microbes. These microbes can be cultivated on a large scale and made to produce important biofertilizers, to assist plant growth; and biopesticides, to control weeds, pests, and diseases. This process is known as microbial fermentation. Microbes function as both providers and defenders. They can contribute to plant nutrition by converting important macromolecules into forms usable by plants, as biofertilizers; or they can defend plants from other invasive, parasitic plants and pests, as bioherbicides and bioinsecticides. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 21 |
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جین اور GURTs کیا ، کیوں ،کیسے؟ Gene Switching and GURTs: What, How and Why? |
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Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (“GURTs”) is an ongoing topic of discussion under the Convention on Biological Diversity. The current focus surrounding this topic concerns whether and how GURTs may impact indigenous peoples, local communities and small-holder farmers. Indeed, in the most recent debate on this topic held in February 2005, the representatives of the indigenous peoples and local communities requested clear and objective information on GURTs so that they could understand the issues and better participate in the discussion. This Pocket K seeks to respond to that request by explaining what gene switching and GURTs technologies are, how they work, and why public and private sector scientists, as well as governments, are pursuing further research and development in this area. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 22 |
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پودوں کی بیماریاں اور ان کی تشخیص Plant Disease Diagnostics |
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Important agricultural crops are threatened by a wide variety of plant diseases and pests. These can damage crops, lower fruit and vegetable quality and wipe out entire harvests. About 42% of the world’s total agricultural crop is destroyed yearly by diseases and pests. Farmers often must contend with more than one pest or disease and new pesticide-resistant pathogenic strains attacking the same crop. However, crop losses can be minimized, and specific treatments can be tailored to combat specific pathogens if plant diseases are correctly diagnosed and identified early. These need-based treatments also translate to economic and environmental gains. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 23 |
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پودوں کی بائیو ٹیکنالوجی کے لئے بائیو انفارٹیکس Bioinformatics for Plant Biotechnology |
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As of July 30, 2006, scientists around the world are pursuing a total of 2,126 genome projects. There are 405 published complete genomes, and 1,665 ongoing projects. To the field of medicine, this means that there will be a wider field in which to discover potential cures to various diseases. In agriculture, these studies pave the way to understand plant evolution, and use this knowledge to improve crops. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 26 |
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مالیکیولرفارمنگ اور حیاتیاتی ادویہ سازی Molecular Pharming and Biopharmaceuticals |
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With the advent of genetic engineering, scientists are able to engineer living organisms, from the simple yeasts to the more complex plants, to produce specific pharmaceuticals. Biopharmaceuticals are drug products (proteins, including antibodies) produced in living systems and used for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes or as dietary supplements.The use of plants to express proteins can be more practical, safe and economical compared to other biological systems. Plant systems allow production with low start-up costs because the expensive equipment used in microbial systems are not required. The production of these compounds in plants is sometimes called molecular pharming. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 27 |
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بائیو ٹیکنالوجی اور بائیو فورٹی فیکشن Biotechnology and Biofortification |
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A major challenge of our time is that one sixth of the world’s population suffers from hunger, a situation which is totally unacceptable. In addition, many more people, over half of the global population, are afflicted by a different form of food deficiency (FAO, 2004). This “hidden hunger” is due to the quality, rather than the quantity, of the food available, and it is closely related to the fact that in many poor developing countries people rely only or mostly on low-protein staple crops for food. |
| Foldable Version : English, Urdu | |
| Document Version : Urdu, English | |
Pocket K No. 28 |
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Kenya Biotechnology Development Policy Highlights |
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Document Version : Urdu |
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| Pocket K No. 29 | |
Functional Foods and Biotechnology |
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Document Version : Urdu |
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| Pocket K No. 31 | |
Biotechnology with Salinity for Coping in Problem Soils |
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Document Version : Urdu |
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| Pocket K No. 32 | |
Biotechnology for the Development of Drought Tolerant Crops |
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Document Version : Urdu |
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| Pocket K No. 33 | |
| Communicating Crop Biotechnology |
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Document Version : Urdu |
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| Pocket K No. 34 | |
Document Version : Urdu |
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| Pocket K No. 35 | |
Document Version : Urdu |
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| Pocket K No. 36 | |
Document Version : Urdu |
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